So where are we going with this thesis, or should I say these two thesis, because there is more than enough material to divide it into two.
The first thing is to describe four and five dimensions of space in simple terms. If string theory describes space, and a string equals a dimension in space, it can describe up to 21 strings, but not infinity.
A tachyon (
/ˈtæki.ɒn/) or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light. The word comes from the Greek: ταχύς or tachys, meaning "swift, quick, fast, rapid", and was coined by Gerald Feinberg in a 1967 paper.[1] Feinberg proposed that tachyonic particles could be quanta of a quantum field with negative squared mass. However, it was soon realized that excitations of such imaginary mass fields do not in fact propagate faster than light,[2] but instead represent an instability known as tachyon condensation. Nevertheless, they are still commonly known as "tachyons",[3] and have come to play an important role in modern physics.[4]
Most physicists think that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are not consistent with the known laws of physics.[4][5] If such particles did exist, they could be used to build a tachyonic antitelephone and send signals faster than light, which (according to special relativity) would lead to violations of causality.[5] Potentially consistent theories that allow faster-than-light particles include those that break Lorentz invariance, the symmetry underlying special relativity, so that the speed of light is not a barrier.
Despite theoretical arguments against the existence of faster-than-light particles, experiments have been conducted to search for them. No compelling evidence for their existence had been found.[6]
The first thing to understand is how space looks. We have to understand a contradiction. On one hand, space gets smaller as we go inside an atom, on the other hand it gets bigger.
We know it takes 2.2 million years, travelling at the speed of light, to get to the mearest galaxy, Andromeda. To get there in a reasonable time, we would have to travel at at least a million times the speed of light. Let us assume that it is possible, because, lets say, aliens are possible, we think aliens may have visited this planet, even though it would be against the laws of civilized life to visit other civilizations. More about this on another page, because it is fantasy, and we are concerned about science.
What would a particle look like if it could travel at a million times the speed of light. It would be much smaller than a photon, so is this particle what photons are made of?
Imagine that a simple garden pea represents the galaxy, which is 100 light years across. Andromeda galaxy would be about 21 peas away from us. This is not very far. The universe is huge.
Now consider a proton and a neutron. If you don't know what they are, don't worry. Starting at page 10 I shall explain them. Current theory says that protons and neutrons are different. Let us assume that all protons are the same as all other protons, and all neutrons are the same as all other neutrons. If we are wrong, we can change our minds later when we discover more. We annot see protons and neutrons, they are too small, but we know that an alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus, and consists of two protons and two neutrons. The only atom we know about which is smaller than a helium atom, is a hydrogen atom. While Helium has two protons, and two neutrons, Hydrogen has one proton, and no neutrons.
So what is inside a proton? Current science says Bosons, quarks and a pile of other stuff. I prefer to look at teh situation logically. In 1969 I was sent to teh New Zealand Department of Education Psychological Service to find out why, when my IQ was measured the previous year as 147/150, I wasn't doing better in 3L1 at Hamilton Boy's High School. Nobody thought to ask me if it was I did not have any interest in learning Latin and French. My attitude was that all the 32 boys in my class were smart. It didn't matter if they were smarter than me, but we shared a common language. When my IQ results ame back I was higher, not lower, and the result was 167, 20 points higher. My best developed skill is logical thinking. It wasn't until some years later that I discovered this "bright to gifted" level of IQ and may have been higher than Einstein if he had been tested. We shall never know. He did not have the benefit of the lastest science that we have, and a lot has been discovered only this century, although I wrote the first draft of this book in 1983.
Let us assume, as my physics teacher in high school used to say, that protons are a group of things, and neutrons are a group of things. Current theories say three things, called up quarks and down quarks. It could be three, or it is more logical to be five, I say. Why is this? Because the shape must be stable in three dimensions. Let us then assume, that some of the things in the two groups are the same, and at least two of them are unique. This is why I named my theses, Protons and Neutrons are atoms, not because the protons and neutrons are as big as atoms, they can't be, but they have the same "shape" as the first five atoms of the periodic table, the most simple atoms, and the smllest.
H (Hydrogen) = 1 (number of protons) (1) (total number of protons and neutrons)
He (Helium) = 2 (4)
Li (Lithium) = 3 (7)
Be (Berylium = 4 (9)
B (Boron) = 5 (11)
What is wrong with this series? It is natural, and it is what nature has dictated to matter. However Helium (number 2) is "neutral" in terms of charge, compared to Hydrogen. Compare a proton (charged sub-atomic particle) to a neutron
If the number following the chemical symbol of the element represents number of protons in the nucleus, the second number represents the approximate total relative mass of the protons and neutrons, showing that structute is neither prime numbers or numbers divisible by two.
If a proton has five particles (or three) in its nucleus, and the structure repeats in its own nucleus, you can see that the number of nucleic particles increses rapidly. For example, Hydrogen has one proton in the nucleus. If the proton has five particles, and each looks like a proton, only smaller, then there are five times five particles at this level, and five times twenty five at the next level. We will only go down to five levels.
If the neutron looks more like a Helium nucleus than a Hydrogen one, (with twp protons and two neutrons, or four particles instead of one, the first level has four times five instead of one times five, and the next level has five times twenty, the next five times twenty, and so on.
The other thing we must do is describe how these particles move around each other, and what happens inside these particles to keep the energy bound up. Every now and then energy will probably "slip out" by propogating at right angles, or perpendicular to its direction. This is what happens in a black hole, where a mass draws light in, but some energy can escape along a path which is like the axle of the wheel, or if you prefer, the magnetic poles, and perpendicular to the direction of spin, or motion.
To imagine a fourth dimension, imagine a square box. There are eight corners, and all are connectedto a point in the middle of the box, which itself is a tiny box. This whole structure can be turned inside out, but the lengths of the sides connecting the corners to the centre always remains the same. It takes a little imagination, but we will take you through it slowly and show you two dimensional as well as three dimensions and five.
The other thing we have to consider is, "What is light?" and how does it travel?
It was Einstein who first stated with some certainty that light has one speed. The speed of light is almost 300 m/s (metres per second. It is 299,792,458 m/s. This is in space, or a vacuum. It would be nice if the speed of light were a whole number, such as 300 m/s or 500 somethings/s or 1000 somethings/s, but we must question and understand just what a second and a metre are. They are arbitary measurements based upon things which are familiar to us, and which are determined by our environment.
For example a second is a fraction one sixtyth of a minute. A minute is 1/60th of an hour, and an hour is 1/24th of a day. The length of a day is determined by the time it takes the earth to complete a revolution, mid-day to midday, and a year is the time it takes the earth to complete a revolution of the sun. This is determined by the mass of the earth, and the distance the earth is from the sun. In fact a metre is also defined by the speed of light. It is the distance light travels in one 299,792,458th of a second. We can also define a theoretical particle by teh speed of light. Just as a photon is a quanta of energy with properties, we can call a particle a "Watson" if it is small enough to travel 2 million light years (a distance that light travels in a year) a second.
Einstein said that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. He said that when a photon approaches the speed of light, its mass becomes almost infinite. Dispite this problem, we can use our imaginations to define what a particle which travels faster than the speed of light might be like. Einstein also said that imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand."
There is one other thing we must consider. We are not the most advanced species in the universe. Given the size of teh universe, it is extremely unlikely. It is also unlikely that any species, no matter how advanced, would be permitted by rules of space to roam freely. Let us assume that there is a God, because I know there is a God, even if you cannot see it. An advanced civilization, such as the Roswell Aliens, who can travel faster than the speed of light, a top order predator who keeps lesser being in check, and makes sure they do not prey on lesser advanced beings can go from galaxy to galaxy in a matter of seconds, or a fraction of a second.
Their being able to do so would be proof that it is possible, even if it requires God's agreement. Saying that there is no proof that such aliens exist is not proof that faster than light speed travel is not possible. For it to be possible, and we are only assuming that it may be, particles must exist that can travel faster than light. For that to be true, Einstein must have been mistaken, or perhaps he already knew that they exist, but wanted to ensure that his other theories were accepted, and he was having enough trouble with the simple ones to be unconcerned by what may possibly be understood in the future.
So what else do we know about particles?