Why choose five different particles to build the model for the proton and the neutron? Call it a hunch, or the result of careful investigation. Soon we will get on to prisms, which break up light, and describe how they do this, and explain another conclusion, that photons are not the smallest, or fastest matter in the universe. They simply, logically, cannot be. More later.
If one of the sub-atomic structures which constututes the proton immitates the structure of the Hydrogen atom (we can call it bHydrogen), then we can call the others bHelium, bLithium, bBeryllium and bBoron. The next level down (inside) we can call cHydrogen, cHelium, and so on. The next level is dHydrogen, eHydrogen and fHydrogen, but we don't know whether the nucleus is simple like the Hydrogen atom itself, or complex like the proton, which has five (or three) sub-atomic structures within it.
Do we have enough information to draw this conclusion, seeing that all the scientists are going in a different direction of enquiry?
Clearly experiments must be designed to draw energy from teh nucleus of this new model, but the mathematics does support my model. We can look at teh same set of facts and draw different conclusions, simply because the scale is so small we have no way of 'seeing' what is there.
Cosmic rays
Cosmic rays are energetic charged subatomic particles, originating from outer space. They may produce secondary particles that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The term ray is historical as cosmic rays were thought to be electromagnetic radiation.
Most primary cosmic rays (those that enter the atmosphere from deep
space) are composed of familiar stable subatomic particles that normally
occur on Earth, such as protons, atomic nuclei, or electrons. However, a
very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter, such as positrons or antiprotons, and the precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research.
About 89% of cosmic rays are simple protons or hydrogen nuclei, 10% are helium nuclei or alpha particles, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements. These nuclei constitute 99% of the cosmic rays. Solitary electrons (much like beta particles, although their ultimate source is unknown) constitute much of the remaining 1%.
The obscure mechanism of cosmic ray production at galactic distances is
partly a result of the fact that (unlike other radiations) magnetic fields
in our galaxy and other galaxies bend cosmic ray direction severely, so
that they arrive nearly randomly from all directions, hiding any clue
of the direction of their initial sources. Cosmic rays can have energies
of over 1020 eV, far higher than the 1012 to 1013 eV that Terrestrial particle accelerators can produce. There has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies.[1]
Cosmic rays are enriched in lithium, beryllium, and boron with regard to
the relative abundance of these elements in the universe compared to
hydrogen and helium, and thus are thought to have a primary role in the
synthesis of these three elements through the process of "cosmic ray nucleosynthesis". They also produce some so-called cosmogenic stable isotopes and radioisotopes on Earth, such as carbon-14.[2] In the history of particle physics, cosmic rays were the source of the discovery of the positron, muon, and pi meson.
We hnow that Plancks constant is:
Since the frequency ν, wavelength λ, and speed of light c are related by λν = c, the Planck relation can also be expressed as
The wavelength λ of a sinusoidal waveform traveling at constant speed v is given by:
- where v is called the phase speed (magnitude of the phase velocity) of the wave and f is the wave's frequency.
